Pattern recognition should be combined with knowledge of clinical factors in order to generate a limited and meaningful differential diagnosis. It is therefore imperative that we use an integrated approach in the interpretation of imaging. Similar reductions in the incidence of both community-acquired pneumonia and opportunistic infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), have been recently reported with HAART.Ĭoupled with the wide spectrum of pulmonary diseases encountered in AIDS summarized in Table 1, this poses a considerable challenge for the radiologist and the attending physician. HAART has had a significant impact on viral load, CD 4+ cell count and HIV-related mortality both in adults and in pediatric populations (75% and 67% reductions, respectively, in the risk of death with HAART). Better prophylaxis for opportunistic infections and the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has had a significant impact against HIV. Recently gained knowledge of the immunologic impact of HIV on disease progression has led to better care and incremental increase in survival. In the HIV patient, there is an enhanced prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and dysfunction of the small airways. The lungs are one of the chief target organs for HIV-associated disease, and almost 70% of the patients suffer at least one respiratory complication during the course of their illness. More than 25 million people have died of AIDS since 1981. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a critical world health issue and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We present images of lung manifestations of HIV/AIDS, describing the salient features and the differential diagnosis. Imaging also plays an important role in selection of the most appropriate site for tissue sampling, staging of disease and follow-ups. Accurate diagnosis is based on an understanding of the pathogenesis of the processes involved and their imaging findings. Imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis and management of lung of complications associated with HIV. The great majority of lung complications of HIV/AIDS are of infectious etiology but neoplasm, interstitial pneumonias, Kaposi sarcoma and lymphomas add significantly to patient morbidity and mortality. Respiratory complaints are not infrequent in patients who are HIV positive. However, the pulmonary manifestations of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Advances in our understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have led to improved care and incremental increases in survival.
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